General Software and Toolkits

Last Updated: 16 January 2023

Site Maintained By:

Leigh Tesfatsion

Research Professor & Professor Emerita of Economics

Courtesy Research Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Heady Hall 260

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa 50011-1054

https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/

tesfatsi AT iastate.edu

ACE Website Homepage

This site stresses general programming languages and toolkits suitable for agent-based computational economics (ACE), agent-based modeling (ABM), and complex adaptive systems (CAS) modeling. Computational laboratories and interactive demonstration software focused on more specific types of ACE/ABM/CAS applications are gathered together at a separate site titled ACE/CAS Computational Laboratories and Demonstration Software.

Software Release Disclaimer:

All software provided below is unsupported and provided as-is, without warranty of any kind, unless otherwise specified by the provider.

• Introductory Materials
• Software and Toolkits Tailored for Economic Agent-Based Applications
• Software and Toolkits for General ABM/CAS Modeling

Introductory Materials

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

• Matt Weisfeld, The Object-Oriented Thought Process, Developer's Library Series, Fourth Edition 2013 (or latest edition), Addison-Wesley, ISBN-13: 978-0321861276.

  Abstract: Agent-based modeling is increasingly being implemented using Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) languages, such as Java and Python. This book is a good introduction to OOP. It is designed to help newcomers learn OOP guidelines for solid class design and master the major OOP concepts of inheritance, composition, interfaces, and abstract classes. The author motivates and illustrates his points by taking readers step by step through simple concrete examples.

Agent-Based Software Reviews

• Wikipedia: Comparison of Agent-Based Modeling Software

• Sameera Abar, Georgios K. Theodoropoulos, Pierre Lemarinier, and Gregory M.P. O'Hare, "Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation Tools: A Review of the State-of-Art Software" (pdf,18MB), Computer Science Review, Vol. 24, 2017, 13-33.

  Abstract: "The key intent of this work is to present a comprehensive comparative literature survey of the state-of-art in software agent-based computing technology and its incorporation within the modelling and simulation domain. The original contribution of this survey is two-fold: (1) Present a concise characterization of almost the entire spectrum of agent-based modelling and simulation tools, thereby highlighting the salient features, merits, and shortcomings of such multi-faceted application software; this article covers eighty five agent-based toolkits that may assist the system designers and developers with common tasks, such as constructing agent-based models and portraying the real-time simulation outputs in tabular/graphical formats and visual recordings. (2) Provide a usable reference that aids engineers, researchers, learners and academicians in readily selecting an appropriate agent-based modelling and simulation toolkit for designing and developing their system models and prototypes, cognizant of both their expertise and those requirements of their application domain."

• Steven L. Lytinen and Steven F. Railsback, "The Evolution of Agent-Based Simulation Platforms: A Review of NetLogo 5.0 and ReLogo" (pdf,328KB), EMCSR Conference Proceedings, 2012.

  Abstract: "We review and evaluate two recently evolved agent-based simulation platforms: version 5.0 of NetLogo and the ReLogo component of Repast. Subsequent to the similar review we published in 2006, NetLogo has evolved into a powerful platform for scientific modeling while retaining its basic conceptual design, ease of use, and excellent documentation. ReLogo evolved both from NetLogo and Repast; it implements NetLogo’s basic design and its primitives in the Groovy programming language embedded in the Eclipse development environment, and provides access to the Repast library. We implemented the “StupidModel” series of 16 pseudo-models in both platforms; these codes contain many elements of basic agent-based models and can serve as templates for programming real models. ReLogo successfully reimplements much of NetLogo, and its translator was generally successful in converting NetLogo codes into ReLogo. Overall we found ReLogo considerably more challenging to use and a less productive development environment. Using ReLogo requires learning Groovy and Eclipse and becoming familiar with Repast’s complex organization; documentation and learning materials are far less abundant and mature than NetLogo’s. Though we did not investigate thoroughly, it is not clear what kinds of models could readily be implemented in ReLogo but not NetLogo. On average, NetLogo executed our example models approximately 20 times faster than ReLogo."

• Cynthia Nikolai and Gregory Madey, "Tools of the Trade: A Survey of Various Agent Based Modeling Platforms", Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Vol. 12, No. 2 2, 2009, available here.

  Abstract: "Agent Based Modeling (ABM) toolkits are as diverse as the community of people who use them. With so many toolkits available, the choice of which one is best suited for a project is left to word of mouth, past experiences in using particular toolkits and toolkit publicity. This is especially troublesome for projects that require specialization. Rather than using toolkits that are the most publicized but are designed for general projects, using this paper, one will be able to choose a toolkit that already exists and that may be built especially for one's particular domain and specialized needs. In this paper, we examine the entire continuum of agent based toolkits. We characterize each based on 5 important characteristics users consider when choosing a toolkit, and then we categorize the characteristics into user-friendly taxonomies that aid in rapid indexing and easy reference."

Complex Software Development

• Nicholas Jennings, "An Agent-Based Approach for Building Complex Software Systems" (pdf,97KB), Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 4, April 2001, 35-41.

  Abstract: The author explains why agent-oriented approaches are well suited for developing complex distributed systems, including high-quality industrial-strength software for commercial application.

Pseudo-Random Number Generators

• The pLab Project: Pseudo-Random Number Generation is a resource site on the theory and practice of pseudo-random number generation. The site is maintained by a team of Austrian mathematicians and computer scientists led by Peter Hellekalek at the University of Salzburg's Mathematics Department. Resources provided at the site include specific pseudo-random number generators, tests for randomness, news, literature, software, and related links.

Template Model for ABM Platform Comparisons

• Steven F. Railsback, Steven L. Lytinen, and Stephen K. Jackson have developed StupidModel: A Template Model for ABM Platforms that is implemented in five different platforms: NetLogo; RepastJ; MASON; Java Swarm; and Objective C Swarm. Although relatively simple, StupidModel includes many commonly used features of agent-based modeling (ABM) platforms. Sixteen versions of StupidModel are implemented for each platform, beginning with a bare bones version and ending with a relatively sophisticated version that involves two agent types, a full agent life cycle (birth, reproduction, predation, and death), and a habitat with data read from an input file. Each implementation is made available as freeware with accompanying implementation notes. The following paper, "Agent-Based Simulation Platforms: Review and Development Recommendations", reviews and compares the five ABM platforms and seeks to identify key development priorities both for these specific ABM platforms and for ABM platforms in general.

  ***Important Update to Railsback et al.***
  
  Alan G. Isaac, "The ABM Template Models: A Reformulation with Reference Implementations" (html), Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 14 (2) 5, March 2011. The author refines the Railsback et al. template models for agent-based modeling and offers new reference implementations (zip file). He also addresses some issues of design, flexiblility, and ease of use that are relevant to the choice of an agent-based modeling platform.

Tutorials: Online Programming Language Tutorials

• An annotated list of tutorials and other online resources for over 100 different programming languages can be found here.

Unified Modeling Language (UML) for Agent-Based Modeling

• Hugues Bersini, "UML for ABM" (pdf,925KB), Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 15 (1) 9, January 2012.

Software and Toolkits Tailored for Economic Agent-Based Applications

• abcEconomics Platform (Open Source, Python)

  The open source platform abcEconomics, developed by Davoud Taghawi-Nejad for Agent-Based Computational Economics applications, is a Python-based modeling platform for economic simulations. abcEconomics comes with standard functions to permit simulations of production, trade, and consumption processes for firms and consumers in a stock-flow consistent manner. abcEconomics allows modelers to program agents as ordinary Python class-objects; but the resulting programs, if large (e.g., 10,000+ agents), can easily be run on a multi-core/processor computer for speed advantage. Detailed information about downloading, installing, and programming with abcEconomics is provided in the following abcEconomics Documentation Manual.

• Adaptive Modeler - Agent-Based Financial Market Simulation Platform (Proprietary, Microsoft .Net)

  The Adaptive Modeler, developed by Jim Witkam (Altreva, Inc.), creates agent-based market simulation models for price forecasting of real world stocks, currencies or other market traded securities. The agent-based model simulates a financial market consisting of thousands of agents whose (technical) trading rules evolve through a special adaptive form of genetic programming. The evolution of trading rules combined with market pricing dynamics drives the agent population to learn to recognize and anticipate recurring price patterns while adapting to changing market behavior. Forecasts can be based on either the behavior of all agents or on a dynamic group of the best performing agents. For ACE researchers this application may be of interest to study the behavior and emergent predictive abilities of an agent-based market model that includes information from a real-world market. Several model initialization options are included such as a user configurable genetic programming engine for the creation of trading rules. Simulation of zero intelligence trading is also supported. Various population statistics and other data can be visualized in charts, distribution histograms and scatter plots, all in real-time. Data can be exported to CSV files for further analysis in other applications. A free (non-expiring) evaluation version with extensive documentation can be downloaded from the Adaptive Modeler homepage, above. Adaptive Modeler is targeted for Windows platforms and requires an installation of Microsoft .Net 2.0 or higher.

• Cormas: Software for Common-Pool Resources and Multi-Agent Simulations (Smalltalk,freely modifiable but distribution limited)

  From the Cormas Website: "Resource management systems are complex when common resources are exploited by a number of users. Ecological dynamics are expressed at different levels, i.e., individual, population, and community. Social dynamics are expressed at the level of individuals or organizations. In renewable resource management, the interactions between the dynamics of agriculture and resource use must be taken into account. Computer modeling facilitates the understanding of these interactions. ... Cormas is a multi-agent simulation software for renewable resource management. It provides the framework for building models of the interactions between individuals and groups using (renewable) resources."

• JABM: Java Agent-Based Modelling Toolkit

  From the developer (Steve Phelps, U of Liverpool): The JASA (Java Auction Simulator API) has been ported to the Java Agent-Based Modelling (JABM) Toolkit. JABM includes functionality for visualising the dynamic trade networks that emerge when agents trade with each other in an order-driven market. A video of this visualisation can be found here. Additional details about the JABM toolkit can be found in a working paper titled "Agent-based modelling with the JABM toolkit".

• jES: Java Enterprise Simulator (Swarm, Java)

  Pietro Terna (Economics, University of Torino, Italy) has developed the Swarm-based Java Enterprise Simulator (jES). The aim of jES is to permit the construction of simulation models for both actual and virtual enterprises (firms). The simulator can model either a single enterprise or a system of enterprises (e.g., within a district or within a virtual enterprise system). The latest version of jES, together with complete user instructions, can be found here.

• Lsd: A Simulation Framework for Evolutionary Modeling (C++; Open Source)

  A Laboratory for Simulation Development (Lsd) has been developed by Marco Valente (University of L'Aquila) for evolution simulation modeling, as exemplified by the famous Nelson-Winter (1982) model of Schumpterian competition in an industry or economy. Lsd applications take a systems dynamics (difference/differential equations) approach using replicator dynamics rather than a bottom-up agent-based approach, but the underlying use of C++ suggests that a more agent-based approach might also be possible. For an extended discussion of Lsd, see: M. Valente and E.S. Anderson, "A Hands-On Approach to Evolutionary Simulation: Nelson-Winter Models in the Laboratory for Simulation Development," The Electronic Journal of Evolutionary Modeling and Economic Dynamics, No. 1003, Issue 1, January 15, 2002.

• Moduleco: Multi-Agent Social Simulation (Java; Open Source)

  Moduleco is an object-oriented modular framework designed to simulate multi-agent social phenomena such as markets, organizations, network effects, and population dynamics. The developers are Denis Phan and Antoine Beugnard. For more information, including downloadable applications and bibliographical information, visit the Moduleco website above.

• TNG: A C++ Framework for Studying the Formation and Evolution of Trade Networks (Open Source)

  The Trade Network Game (TNG), implemented (open-source) in C++, combines evolutionary game play with preferential partner selection. Successive generations of resource constrained traders choose and refuse trade partners on the basis of continually updated expected payoffs, engage in risky trades modeled as two-person games, and evolve their trade strategies over time. The modular design of the TNG framework facilitates experimentation with alternative specifications for market structure, trade partner matching, expectation formation, and trade strategy evolution. The TNG framework can be used to study the evolutionary implications of these specifications at three different levels: trade network formation (who is trading with whom, and with what regularity); behaviors expressed by traders in trade partner relationships; and social welfare outcomes. The TNG source code and manual, together with research articles related to the TNG, can be obtained at the TNG Home Page.

• Vensim: System Dynamics Modeling (Proprietary, Freeware Learner's Edition)

  Ventana Systems, Inc., of Harvard, Massachusetts, was formed in 1985 for the purpose of developing large-scale simulation models that integrate both business and technical elements to solve difficult management problems. Ventana Systems now supports its own simulation language, called Vensim. From the Vensim home page: "Vensim is used for developing, analyzing, and packaging high quality dynamic feedback models. Models are constructed graphically or in a text editor. Features include dynamic functions, subscripting (arrays), Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis, optimization, data handling, application interfaces, and much more. ... Vensim PLE (Personal Learning Edition) is software that gets you started in system dynamics modeling and is free for educational use and inexpensive for commercial use. Vensim PLE is ideal for classroom use and personal learning of system dynamics."

• Z-Tree (Freeware)

  Z-Tree (Zurich Toolbox for Readymade Economic Experiments), developed at the Institute for Empirical Research in Economics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, is a user-friendly software package that permits users with little programming knowledge to develop and carry out economic experiments. The software permits communication between computers, data saving, time display, profit calculations, and tools for screen layout. It can be used for a wide range of experiments, including public good experiments, structured bargaining experiments, and market experiments (e.g., double auctions and Dutch auctions). Z-Tree can be licensed and downloaded free of charge, along with a manual, and interested parties can join a users' mailing list.

Software and Toolkits for General ABM/CAS Modeling

• ACT-R: Cognitive Architecture (Lisp)

  From the ACT-R Research Group (Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University): "ACT-R is a cognitive architecture: a theory about how human cognition works. On the exterior, ACT-R looks like a programming language; however, its constructs reflect assumptions about human cognition. These assumptions are based on numerous facts derived from psychology experiments. Like a programming language, ACT-R is a framework: for different tasks (e.g., Tower of Hanoi, memory for text or for list of words, communication, aircraft controlling), researchers create models (aka programs) that are written in ACT-R and that, beside incorporating the ACT-R's view of cognition, add their own assumptions about the particular task. These assumptions can be tested by comparing the results of the model with the results of people doing the same tasks. ... One important feature of ACT-R that distinguishes it from other theories in the field is that it allows researchers to collect quantitative measures that can be directly compared with the quantitative measures obtained from human participants." For more information, visit here.

• Agent Analyst: Agent-Based Modeling in ArcGIS

  Agent Analyst is open-source agent-based modeling software compatible with ArcGIS software, a comprehensive system for working with maps and geographic information. An Agent Analyst workbook is freely downloadable from the above Agent Analyst site. The workbook provides step-by-step exercises, written by agent-based modeling experts, that demonstrate how to create agent-based models in ArcGIS Desktop 10 using points, polygons, rasters, and representative networks, and how to create, manipulate, and schedule actions and fields.

• AgentBuilder: Agent Construction Tools (KQML,Java,C,C++; Proprietary)

  AgentBuilder provides an extensive annotated collection of pointers to agent construction tools. The tools are categorized as either commercially available products or academic and research projects. A brief summary is provided for each tool as well as a link to the provider's product description.

• Agent Modeling Platform: AMP (Visual/Test-Based Languages, Open Source)

  The Agent Modeling Platform (AMP) developed by eclipse.org provides extensible frameworks and exemplary tools for representing, editing, generating, executing, and visualizing agent-based models and any other domain requiring spatial, behavioral, and functional features.

• AgentPy (Python library, Open Source)

  AgentPy, developed by Joël Foramitti, is an open-source Python library for the development and analysis of agent-based models. The framework integrates the tasks of model design, numerical experiments, and data analysis within a single environment, and is optimized for interactive computing with IPython and Jupyter. AgentPy documentation is available here.

• AgentSheets: Interactive Simulations (Java, Proprietary)

  AgentSheets is an authoring tool for building interactive simulations in Java. Key features stressed by the providers include: speed; no players or plug-ins; school hardware/software friendly; highly interactive; rich multimedia support; and collaborative support.

• Agents.jl: Julia Framework for Agent-Based Modeling (Julia, Open-Source)

  Agents.jl is a Julia-based software framework designed to provide high-performance support of agent-based modeling (ABM) with minimal code complexity. Agents.jl integrates well with the entire Julia ecosystem, including: interactive applications; differential equations; parameter optimization; and more. Thus, in contrast to many other ABM tools, Agents.jl does not require an "extensions library." Agents.jl documentation and software downloads can be accessed at following GitHub Repository.

  Alife Software

  See the software links maintained by the International Society for Artificial Life (ISAL).

  AnyLogic - Multi-Method Simulation Software (Java, Proprietary)

  From the Software Homepage: "AnyLogic is the only simulation tool that supports process-centric (also called discrete event), system dynamics, and agent-based modeling approaches. The unique flexibility of the modeling language enables the user to capture the complexity and heterogeneity of business, economy and social systems at any desirable level of detail. AnyLogic set of primitives and library objects allows you to model manufacturing and logistics, business processes, human resources, consumers' and patients' behavior, as well as the environment (the "background") in their natural interaction. The object-oriented model design paradigm supported by AnyLogic provides for modular and incremental construction of large models." For general information about AnyLogic, including documentation, utilities, and pointers to research papers implemented with AnyLogic, visit here.

  BlueJ: Interactive Java Environment

  From the development team (Monash University, Australia, and Maersk Institute, University of Southern Denmark): "The BlueJ environment was developed as part of a university research project about teaching object-orientation to beginners. ... The aim of BlueJ is to provide an easy-to-use teaching environment for the Java language that facilitates the teaching of Java to first year students. Special emphasis has been placed on visualization and interaction techniques to create a highly interactive environment that encourages experimentation and exploration." For more information, visit here.

  Boids Algorithm: Coordinated Animal Motion (Multiple Third-Party Programs)

  The Boids model developed by Craig Reynolds illustrates coordinated animal motion, such as bird flocks and fish schools. The software implementing this model is called the Boids algorithm.

  Cellular Automata Lab (CelLab)

  From the CelLab User Guide: "The first edition of CelLab was developed by Rudy Rucker and John Walker in 1988 and 1989 when both were working in the Autodesk research lab... Celab allows you to explore cellular automata on your own personal computer, running under MS-DOS or Windows. You can define your own rules by writing short programs in Java, C, BASIC, or Pascal, create patterns of cells and color palettes, then run the rule and observe its evolution on the screen. We supply a wide variety of ready-to-run rules, simulating processes as varied as heat flow, diffusion of gases, annealing of metal, behavior of tubeworms on the ocean floor, chemical reactions, and ecosystems of artificial life. Complete source code for all of these rule definitions in included in both Java and Pascal, allowing you to use our rule definitions as the point of departure for your own experiments. Advanced users can customize the cellular automata simulator by writing custom evaluators in assembly language for DOS or Windows, or as a DLL written in C for the Windows-based simulator." Rudy Rucker is Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at San Jose State University. John Walker is founder and former president of Autodesk, Inc.

  Cougaar (Java, Open Source)

  Cougaar is java-based software for facilitating the development of agent-based applications that are complex, large-scale, and distributed. The software includes not only the core architecture but also a variety of demonstration, visualization, and management components. It was developed as part of a multi-year DARPA research project into large scale agent systems.

  DeV-C++ (written in Delphi; Freeware)

  DeV-C++ is a free full-featured integrated development environment (IDE) distributed under the GNU General Public License for programming in C and C++. It is written in Delphi. It is bundled with, and uses, the MinGW or TDM-GCC 64bit port of the GCC as its compiler. Dev-C++ can also be used in combination with Cygwin or any other GCC-based compiler. Dev-C++ is generally considered a Windows-only program, but there are attempts to create a Linux version: header files and path delimiters are switchable between platforms.

  ECJ: Evolutionary Computation Java Toolkit (Java, Open Source)

  ECJ is a research evolutionary computation system written in Java. It was designed to be highly flexible, with nearly all classes (and all of their settings) dynamically determined at runtime by a user-provided parameter file. All structures in the system are arranged to be easily modifiable. Even so, the system was designed with an eye toward efficiency. ECJ has been developed at George Mason University's ECLab Evolutionary Computation Laboratory. ECJ's sister project is MASON, a multi-agent simulation system which dovetails with ECJ nicely.

  Erlang: General Purpose PL for Distributed Applications

  Erlang is a general purpose programming language and run-time environment designed at Ericsson, a telecommunications company active in more than 140 countries that specializes in mobile phones and other communications tools. Erlang has built-in support for concurrency, distribution, and fault-tolerance, features critical for multi-agent applications. Open-source Erlang, in use in a number of Ericsson products, is being released free of charge to help encourage the spread of Erlang outside of Ericsson.

  Extreme Programming

  Don Wells maintains a site titled Extreme Programming (XP): A Gentle Introduction. XP is a deliberate and disciplined approach to software developement that stresses customer involvement and team work, following simple rules and practices. Another important issue emphasized by XP is not just testing, but testing well. Tests are automated and provide a safety net for programmers and customers alike. Tests are created before the code is written, while the code is written, and after the code is written. The XP developers claim that XP has been adopted at many variously sized companies and industries worldwide. This site provides a guided tour of XP.

  Gambit: Software Tools for Game Theory (C++)

  Gambit is a library of game theory software and tools for the construction and analysis of finite extensive and normal form games currently maintained by researchers at the Department of Economics, Texas A & M University. Gambit includes a graphical user interface, the Gambit Command Language, and a library of C++ source code for representing games, suitable for use in other applications. All Gambit source code is freely available, licensed under the GNU General Public License.

  Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithm Toolbox (MATLAB, Proprietary)

  Paraphrased from the announcement: The Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithm Toolbox (GEATbx) for use with MATLAB is a powerful and widely applicable optimization tool using evolutionary algorithms. It is a fully integrated environment that runs on any MATLAB-supported platform (requires MATLAB 4.2 or 5.x).

  GoldSim: Monte Carlo Simulation Software for Decision and Risk Analysis (Proprietary)

  GoldSim is Monte Carlo simulation software for dynamically modeling complex systems in business, engineering, and science. GoldSim supports decision and risk analysis by simulating future performance while quantiatively representing the uncertainty and risks inherent in all complex systems.

  JADE: Java Agent Development Framework (Java, Open Source)

  From the developers: " JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework) is a software framework fully implemented in the Java language. It simplifies the implementation of multi-agent systems through a middle-ware that claims to comply with the FIPA specifications and through a set of tools that supports the debugging and deployment phase. The agent platform can be distributed across machines (which do not even need to share the same OS) and the configuration can be controlled via a remote GUI. The configuration can be even changed at run-time by moving agents from one machine to another one, as and when required. JADE is completely implemented in the Java language and the minimal system requirement is version 1.2 of JAVA (the run time environment or the JDK). ... JADE is free software and is distributed by TILAB, the copyright holder, in open source software under the terms of the LGPL (Lesser General Public License Version 2)."

  JAS: Java Agent-Based Simulation Library (Java, Open Source)

  JAS is a simulation toolkit specifically designed for agent-based simulation modeling. JAS is a Java-clone of the Swarm library orginally developed by researchers at the Santa Fe Institute. The core of the JAS toolkit is its simulation engine based on the standard discrete-event simulation paradigm, which allows time to be managed with high precision and from a multi-scale perspective. Many features of JAS are based on open-source third party libraries. JAS is freely available from the JAS Sourceforge site.

  JAS-mine: Extension of JAS (Java, Open Source)

  JAS-mine is a Java a platform whose intent is to provide a unique simulation tool for discrete-event simulations, including agent-based and microsimulation models, in either continuous or discrete time. The ultimate purpose is to support the development of large-scale data-driven models.

  Jason: Version of AgentSpeak (Java-based, freely available)

  Jason is a fully-featured freely-available Java-based interpreter for an extended version of AgentSpeak, a programming language for multi-agent systems. Jason is based on the BDI agent architecture and provides the features of complex PRS-style reactive planning systems.

  Java (Open Source)

  The Java Tutorial: A Practical Guide for Programmers, maintained by Sun Microsystems, Inc., is a practical online guide for programmers with hundreds of complete working examples and numerous pointers to basic information (running your first program, getting started, learning the Java language, etc.). The tutorial is organized into groups of basic and specialized lessons on various subjects: for example, getting started with Java; writing applets; essential Java classes; creating a GUI with JFC/Swing; custom networking; 2D graphics; and Java Beans. Hundreds of full working examples are included in these lessons.

  Java Tutorial Online (Java/Sun)

  The Java Tutorial: A Practical Guide for Programmers, maintained by Sun Microsystems, Inc., is a practical online guide for programmers with hundreds of complete working examples and numerous pointers to basic information (running your first program, getting started, learning the Java language, etc.). The tutorial is organized into groups of basic and specialized lessons on various subjects: for example, getting started with Java; writing applets; essential Java classes; creating a GUI with JFC/Swing; custom networking; 2D graphics; and Java Beans. Hundreds of full working examples are included in these lessons.

  JCASim: Cellular Automata Simulation System (Java)

  From the developer (Joerg Richard Weimar, Institute of Scientific Computing, Technical University Braunschweig): "The program system JCASim is a general-purpose system for simulating cellular automata in Java. It includes a stand-alone application and an applet for web presentations. The cellular automata can be specifed in Java, in CDL, or using an interactive dialogue. The system supports many different lattice geometries (1-D, 2-D square, hexagonal, triangular, e3-D), neighborhoods, boundary conditions, and can display cells using colors, text, or icons." For more information, visit here.

  JESS: Java Expert System Shell (Java; Proprietary, free for academic use)

  From Sandia National Laboratories: Jess is a rule engine and scripting environment written entirely in Sun's Java language by Ernest Friedman-Hill at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California. Jess was originally inspired by the CLIPS expert system shell, but has grown into a complete, distinct Java-influenced environment of its own. Using Jess, you can build Java applets and applications that have the capacity to `reason' using knowledge you supply in the form of declarative rules."

  Joone: Neural Network Framework (Java, Open Source)

  From the development team: "Joone is a neural net framework written in Java. It's composed by a core engine, a GUI editor and a distributed training environment. Can be extended writing new modules to implement new algorithms or new architectures starting from base components." For more information, visit here.

  Julia: (Open Source)

  Julia is a high-level general-purpose dynamic programming language for scientific computing, designed to provide users the speed of C/C++ while retaining the ease-of-use of Python. Julia is currently being used for a wide range of purposes, including: the study of complex chemical and biological processes; Game development; Web development; agent-based modeling (Agents.jl, see below); machine learning; and data science. Documentation for Julia can be obtained here.

  JUNG: Java Universal Network/Graph Framework (Java, Open Source)

  Jung (Java Universal Network/Graph Framework) is a software library that provides a common and extendible language for the modeling, analysis, and visualization of data that can be represented as a graph or network. It is written in Java, which allows JUNG-based applications to make use of the extensive built-in capabilities of the Java API, as well as those of other existing third-party Java libraries. JUNG is freely available from the JUNG Sourceforge site.

  LEDA: Graph and Network Problems

  LEDA (distributed by Algorithmic Solutions Software GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany) is a C++ class library for efficient data types and algorithms. LEDA provides algorithmic in-depth knowledge for graph and network problems, geometric computations, combinatorial optimization, and other applications. LEDA is implemented following the object-oriented approach. It is available in four different packages: basic, graph, geometry, and GUI. In addition, it is available for many different operating systems and compilers.

  Linux Documentation Project (LDP)

  The Linux Documentation Project is maintained by a team of developers and volunteers in a variety of languages. The extensive resources provided at this site include: news items; specific-subject help; book pointers; answers to frequently asked questions; help on individual commands; and online magazine links. For more information, visit here.

  MadKit: Multiagent Development Kit (Java; Open source for development and non-commercial purposes)

  From the development team: "Madkit is a Java programming environment dedicated to the creation of multi-agent systems. It is oriented towards communication between distributed systems. It is built upon an organizational model based on Agents, Groups, and Roles: an organization is viewed as a framework for activity and interaction through the definition of groups, roles, and their relationships. But, by avoiding an agent-oriented viewpoint, an organization is regarded as a structural relationship between a collection of agents. Thus, an organization can be described solely on the basis of its structure, i.e., by the way groups and roles are arranged to form a whole, without being concerned with the way agents actually behave, and multi-agent systems will be analyzed from the `outside,' as a set of interaction modes. The specific architecture of agents is purposely not addressed. Madkit provides general agent facilities (lifecycle management, message passing, distribution,...), and allows high heterogeneity in agent architectures and communication languages, and various customizations." For more information, visit here.

  MASON: Multi-Agent Simulator (Java, Open Source)

  The George Mason University Evolutionary Computation Laboratory and Center for Social Complexity manages the development of the MASON multiagent simulation toolkit. MASON includes both a model library and an optional suite of visualization tools in 2D and 3D. MASON is a joint effort between George Mason University's ECLab (Evolutionary Computation Laboratory) and the GMU Center for Social Complexity, and was designed by Sean Luke, Gabriel Catalin Balan, and Liviu Panait, with help from Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, Sean Paus, Daniel Kuebrich, and Keith Sullivan. A SwarmFest04 presentation on MASON can be accessed here.

  MATLAB (Proprietary)

  MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. Information about MATLAB can be obtained at the MathWorks Website. Warren Thorngate has an article titled Teaching Social Simulation with MATLAB that appeared in the online Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Volume 3, No. 1, 2000. In this article, Thorngate explains why MATLAB is his programming language of choice for teaching simulation programming techniques to students new to simulation.

  Mesa: Agent-Based Modeling in Python 3+ (Python; Apache-3 Licensed)

  Mesa is an Apache2-licensed agent-based modeling (ABM) framework in Python. It allows users to: quickly create agent-based models using built-in core components (such as spatial grids and agent schedulers) or customized implementations; visualize them using a browser-based interface; and analyze their results using Python’s data analysis tools. The goal of Mesa is to be the Python-3-based counterpart to NetLogo, Repast, and MASON.

  MicroWorlds: Multimedia Programming Environment (Windows and Macintosh)

  MicroWorlds EX (Windows and Mac OS X) allows students to create dynamic, interactive school and Internet projects. It lets students become active web designers not just passive web viewers. Teachers and students can use MicroWorlds Pro and Ex to enhance their understanding of MicroWorlds and to get a real sense of the depth and breadth of this powerful multimedia programming environment.

  Modelling4All (web-based tool)

  Modelling4All is a web-based tool designed to support teachers, learners, and researchers, including those with little or no programming experience, to construct, run, visualize, analyze, and share agent-based models. The main goal of the Modelling4All Project, based at the University of Oxford, is to provide social support for computer modeling by non-experts.

  NetLogo (Multi-Platform, Freeware)

  NetLogo, a descendant of StarLogo (see below), is a multi-platform general purpose complexity modeling and simulation environment from the Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling (CCL), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. NetLogo comes with a large library of sample models and code examples that help beginning users get started authoring models. NetLogo is in use by research labs and university courses across a wide variety of domains in social and natural sciences. A free download plus a users' guide can be obtained at the above NetLogo website.

  Neural Network Toolbox

  The Mathworks, Inc., has released version 4.0.1 of its Neural Network Toolbox (NNT) for the design and use of artificial neural networks in various practical application settings (e.g., banking and finance, business, credit card activity checking, defense, engineering, electronics, entertainment, industrial, insurance, manufacturing, medical, oil and gas, robotics, speech, securities, telecommunications, and transportation). A printable version of the NNT user's guide is available online in pdf format that provides an introduction to neural networks, help with NNT installation, a discussion of NNT capabilities, and sample applications. For more information, visit here

  ORA-LITE: Social Network Analysis Tool

  ORA-LITE is a dynamic meta-network assessment and analysis tool developed by CASOS at Carnegie Mellon University. It enables the user to simultaneously reason about multiple networks connecting people, knowledge, resources, and tasks (or events). Both traditional and dynamic network measures are included. ORA can be used for risk assessment to locate individuals that are potential risks to the group or organization given one or more of the following types of relational or network information: social; knowledge; resource; and task/event. The GUI is used to set up organization(s) and perform two broad functions: run risk measures on the organization(s); and optimize the organizational structure.

  Petri Nets

  Petri Nets is a graphical language appropriate for modeling systems with concurrency. It has been under development since the nineteen sixties, when Carl Adam Petri first formally defined the Petri Nets language. It is a generalization of automata theory in which the concept of concurrently occurring events can be expressed. The Petri Net World Website provides a variety of online services and source materials for the international Petri Nets community. These include introductory materials, tools and software packages which support Petri Nets, applications of Petri Nets, mailing lists, publications, newsletters, and conference information.

  Processing (Java/OpenGL)

  Processing is a Java/OpenGL environment for simulation, animation, multi-media, and experimentation. From the Processing Homepage: "Processing is a flexible software sketchbook and a language for learning how to code within the context of the visual arts. Since 2001, Processing has promoted software literacy within the visual arts and visual literacy within technology. There are tens of thousands of students, artists, designers, researchers, and hobbyists who use Processing for learning and prototyping."

  PS-I (Java, Python, VB, .Net, C++, J#, C#; Open Source)

  Description paraphrased from the PS-I Sourceforge Website: PS-I (Political Science-Identity) is an agent-based modeling platform developed by Ian Lustick and Vladimir Derhachev. The intent was to make available to political and other social scientists with no programming background a user-friendly computational environment for exploring political phenomena. PS-I is cross-platform, with binaries available for Win32. Features include: declarative language for model specification; industry standard Tcl/Tk scripting; built-in routine optimization, speculative evaluation, and xf86 JIT compiler that permit the creation of complex models without sacrificing performance; user-friendly interface; ability to save and restore program runs; ability to change model parameters on the fly; and data visualization.

  PyABM: An Open Source ABM Toolkit (Python)

  PyABM is an open source (GPL licensed) toolkit aiming to simplify the programming and analysis of agent-based models written in the Python programming language. The toolkit aims to standardize model and scenario development, ensuring documentation and repeatability of model results. PyABM development is ongoing.

  Python (Open Source)

  From the official Web site for the Python Language: "Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. It is often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme, or Java. Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing. ... The Python implementation is portable: it runs on many brands of UNIX, (and) on Windows, DOS, OS/2, Mac, Amiga... ."

  The main resource for all things Python, including latest software releases, is the Python Website. Researchers new to Python might want to browse the Beginners Guide. Another resource is Anaconda, a free Python distribution that includes many packages. Also, Jupyter is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that supports Python, R, and other programming languages.

  In addition, Claudius Gräbner (Johannes Kepler University) and Torsten Heinrich (University of Oxford) have prepared various introductory Python installation materials in support of a course titled Complexity: Theory and Computational Models. These materials include: (i) an installation guide for Python and required packages (Mac/Windows/Linux); (ii) general instructions for the installation of an Editor or Integrated Development Environment (IDE); (iii) specific instructions for the installation of the Jupyter IDE (Mac/Windows/Linux); and (iv) test script for installation testing.

  R: Statistical Computing and Graphics

  R is an open source programming environment with a broad user base in statistics and econometrics. It contains powerful graphing functions and a vast array of statistical routines. There are over 1000 add-on packages available; the ease of package development is the reason that new statistical methods tend to appear in R before other packages. Simple agent-based models can be programmed using vector-processing functions. Loops are available, but slow because R is interactive and does not compile code. R links into compiled C++ (or C or Fortran or Java) code, and can be called from other languages. For more information, visit the R Homepage. Executables and open source code for Linux, Windows and MacOS can be downloaded and installed quickly from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN); check "Mirrows" on the CRAN menu for a site near you.

  Repast (Java, Python, VB, .Net, C++, J#, C#, HPC; Open Source)

  Repast (REcursive Porous Agent Simulation Toolkit) is an agent-based simulation toolkit specifically designed for social science applications. Originally developed by researchers at the University of Chicago and the Argonne National Laboratory, Repast is now managed by the non-profit volunteer organization ROAD (Repast Organization for Architecture and Development). Repast has been released in the following versions: RepastJ (Java based); RepastPy (based on the Python scripting language); Repast.Net (implemented in C#, but any .Net language can be used); Repast S (Simphony, Java-based); and Repast HPC (high performance computing). Repast runs on virtually all modern computing platforms (e.g., Windows, Mac OS, and Linux). The latest Repast releases, along with detailed technical information regarding the installation and use of RePast, can be found at the RePast Sourceforge Website.

  Leigh Tesfatsion (Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA) has prepared a RePast Self-Study Guide to help newcomers get started programming with Repast in a Java Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Topics covered include: Introduction to Agent-Based Modeling; Introduction to Agent-Oriented Programming; Introduction to Java; Getting Acquainted with RePast; Programming with RePast; and Possible RePast Modeling Application Areas. Extensive links are provided to on-line resource materials. Although some prior programming experience is desirable, the study guide does not presume such experience.

  SeSAM (Java VM; LGPL open source)

  SeSAm (Shell for Simulated Agent Systems) provides a generic environment for modelling and experimenting with agent-based simulation. The goal of the developers is to provide a tool for the easy construction of complex models exhibiting dynamic interdependecies or emergent behavior.

  SimAgent Toolkit (Pop-11 PL; Open Source)

  From the developer (Aaron Sloman, School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK): "The SimAgent Toolkit was developed within the Cognition and Affect Project at the University of Birmingham, UK. ... From our work exploring architectural design requirements for intelligent human-like agents, and other kinds, we need a facility for rapidly implementing and testing out different agent architectures, including scenarios where each agent is composed of several different sorts of concurrent interacting sub-systems, in an environment where there are other agents and objects. Some agents should have sensors and effectors, and some should be allowed to communicate with others. Some agents should have hybrid architectures including, for example, symbolic mechanisms communicating with neural nets. We also wanted to be able to use the toolkit for exploring evolutionary processes... As a result... a set of ideas for (the SimAgent Toolkit) emerged. The first draft was made available in October 1994 and since then there have been many extensions. ... The Toolkit uses the Pop-11 language in the Poplog software development environment." A detailed description of the SimAgent Toolkit, some uses of the Toolkit, and the Toolkit itself can be found at the SimAgent Toolkit Website.

  SimBioSys: A C++ Framework for Agent-Based Evolutionary Simulations (Open Source)

  SimBioSys is a C++ class framework developed by David McFadzean (Master's Thesis, University of Calgary, 1995) for general agent-based evolutionary simulations in both biology and the social sciences. SimBioSys is designed to support simulations comprising the following four features:

  • A world defining the virtual environment where the simulation occurs;
  • Populations of autonomous agents inhabiting the world;
  • Programs driving the behavior of the agents;
  • Genetic mechanisms emulating natural selection which act on the agents' programs.

  The Master's Thesis and a source code zip file (32K) for the entire SimBioSys class framework have been released by David McFadzean (the copyright holder) as freeware under the terms of the Artistic License Agreement.

  SimX (C++, Python, Open Source)

  SimX is a GitHub-hosted library for developing parallel, discrete-event, distributed-memory simulations in Python. SimX is written primarily in C++ and provides the simulation modeler with the core functionality needed in a parallel simulation library, such as event queueing, time advancement, domain partitioning, synchronization, object serialization, and message passing. SimX APIs are exposed to Python, enabling rapid development and protyping of a parallel simulation entirely in Python. SimX is free software, available under the GNU LGPL license.

  SLAPP: Swarm-Like Agent Protocol (Python, open source)

  SLAPP (Swarm-Like Agent Protocol in Python) contains both a tutorial on agent-based programming foundations and an agent-based modeling shell to run large simulation projects, such as the original Swarm2 scheme. For more information, see: Pietro Terna (2015), Introducing the Swarm-Like Agent Protocol in Python (SLAPP). In: Agent-based Models of the Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, London

  SME: Spatial Modeling Environment (No programming required, runs on Unix; LGPL open source)

  Thomas Maxwell, Ferdinando Villa, and Robert Costanza, all with the International Institute for Ecological Economics (Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland System), have developed an integrated environment for high-performance spatial modeling called the Spatial Modeling Environment (SME). From the SME home page: "This environment, which transparently links icon-based modeling environments with advanced computing resources, allows modelers to develop simulations in a user-friendly, graphical environment, requiring no knowledge of computer programming. Automatic code generators construct (spatial) simulations and enable distributed processing over a network of parallel and serial computers, allowing transparent access to state-of-the-art computing facilities. The environment imposes the constraints of modularity and hierarchy in model design, and supports archiving of reusable model components defined in our Modular Modeling Language (MML)."

  Software Tools for Discrete Dynamical Networks Research

  Andy Wuensche (Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico) has developed a Discrete Dynamics Lab Web site that provides software tools for researching discrete dynamical networks, including cellular automata and random Boolean networks. These software tools are provided as free shareware for personal non-commercial users for running on UNIX/XWindows/Sun, Linux/PC, and DOS/PC platforms.

  StarLogo Nova (Extended Logo language; Freeware with closed source)

  StarLogo Nova is a visual programmable modeling environment for exploring the workings of decentralized systems that has been specifically designed to be user-friendly for K-12 students. StarLogo Nova can be used to model many real-life phenomena such as bird flocks, traffic jams, ant colonies, and simple market economies. Extensive support (tutorials, demos, users discussion group,...) are provided at the StarLogo Nova website.

  Swarm Simulation System (Objective C, Open Source)

  Swarm is essentially a collection of software libraries, written in Objective C, developed by researchers at the Santa Fe Institute for constructing discrete event simulations of complex systems with heterogeneous elements or agents. Some lower-level libraries, which interface with Objective C, are also written in Tk, a scripting language that implements basic graphical tools such as graphs, windows, and input widgets.

  Virtual Reality Toolbox (MATLAB and Simulink)

  The Virtual Reality Toolbox, from The MathWorks, is a solution for visualizing and interacting with dynamic systems in a 3-dimensional virtual reality environment. These dynamic systems are described with MATLAB (a language for technical computing) and Simulink (model-based and system level design).

  ZEUS (Visual editors and code generators; Open Source)

  The ZEUS toolkit, developed by British Telecommunications (BT), provides a library of software components and tools that facilitate the rapid design, development, and deployment of agent systems. The three main functional components of the ZEUS toolkit are an agent component library, agent building tools, and visualization tools.

Copyright © Leigh Tesfatsion. All Rights Reserved.